Monday, September 28, 2015

ملخص لموضوع رسالتي لدرجة الماجستير

جامعة القاهرة
كلية الآداب
قسم اللغة الإنجليزية وآدابها




القوة في التفاعل اللغوي في الخطاب داخل الفصول في إلى أستاذي مع إعتزازي ومدرسة المشاغبين

مقدمه
أحمد محمد علاء الدين 

يوليو 2015




تركز هذه الدراسة على استراتيجيات الطالب للحصول على قوة اللغة من خلال الخطاب داخل الفصل الدراسي. يتم إلقاء الضوء على ذلك من خلال تحليل نصوص عملين أدبيين و هما: إلى أستاذي مع إعتزازي و مدرسة المشاغبين. يعد الفصل الدراسي صورة من المجتمع، كما يعد مفهوم القوة ناتج طبيعي عن التفاعلات الإنسانية بداخل أي مجتمع. و لذلك فإن تحليل التفاعلات بين الطالب و المدرس يكشف النقاب عن العلاقات القائمة على القوة داخل الفصل. و سيتم تحليل تلك القوة من خلال نموذج البدء- الاستجابة- المتابعة IRF لسينكلير و كولتهارد الذي صاغوا قواعده في عام 1975. وتم إدخال بعض التعديلات على النموذج السابق ذكره لكي يتناسب مع تحليل النصوص الواردة في الدراسة. و من خلال التحليل المنهجي للتفاعلات داخل الفصل ظهرت بعض النتائج الملفتة للنظر. استخدم الطلبة استراتيجيات عدة لمقاومة قوة المدرس، منها: إلقاء الأسئلة، إحداث الفوضى و الشغب، عدم الانصياع لكلام المدرس، الكلام في الفصل بدون إذن، اللجوء للفكاهة و للردود الساخرة و غير المهذبة. جدير بالذكر أن المرات التي بدأ فيها المدرس الكلام داخل الفصول التي تم تحليلها تتعدي نصف إجمالي مرات البدء بقليل، وهو ما يدل على شدة المقاومة لقوة المدرس. علاوة على ذلك، على الرغم من إنه من مظاهر القوة لدى المدرس تحديده لطالب محدد للمشاركة في الدرس إلا أن ذلك لم يحدث كثيرا في النصوص التي تم تحليلها وهو ما يقف حائلا أيضا ضد قوة المدرس في الفصل. يضاف إلى ذلك عدم ورود استخدام الأسئلة بكثرة من قبل المدرس في الدروس. كما واجه دور المدرس كمدير الفصل مقاومة شديدة من الطلبة (من خلال الكلام بدون إذن، توزيع الأدوار على زملائهم الطلبة، وعدم الاكتراث لطلبات و أوامر المدرس و إحداث الشغب و الفوضى). من ناحية أخرى، لم يواجه دور المدرس كصاحب المعرفة كثير من المقاومة، حيث إنه كان من النادر مشاركة الطلبة بتجارب شخصية و بأفكار للمناقشة في الدروس. ومع ذلك، عندما تحدى الطلبة دور المدرس كصاحب المعرفة في الدراسة كان ذلك تحديا لمعرفته لأحوال الدنيا و ليس لموضوع الدرس. و تظهر الدراسة تطور العلاقة بين المدرس و الطلاب من التحدي و المقاومة للتعاون و الاحترام. و في النهاية تكون الكلمة الأخيرة للمدرس.



Saturday, September 26, 2015

I Have Seen Death

I have seen death.
I have seen death in a sacrificed sheep, with blood flowing from the cut arteries and veins beneath its neck, forming rivers of red to wipe off the dark spots on a floor of sins; with legs struggling back and forth to keep swimming in the seas of life, but eventually submitting to the still valley of death; with a pumping heart still playing its vibrating rhythms for some time, giving the flashing light code of sailing in a ship sunken to the deeps and sailing no more.
Ain't life so fragile?!
I have seen death in a butchered chicken, clucking and cackling, and flapping hard with its wings to fly away, and running with its legs on an invisible track, but in vain, for those wings are not meant to fly high, and the legs are running but on an airy track towards nowhere. 
I have seen death also in a dying cat, in an expiring dog in the street, lying down totally helpless, decaying in dead silence, and turning into a main dish for the death-eater crows and weasels and flies and other minute creatures and parasites.
Ain't death a gift as much as life is?!
I have even seen death in works of art, on papers of novels and drama and poetry, on stages of theaters and cinemas, on screens of televisions, on waves of radios, on virtual codes of artificial intelligence.
I have seen death further in the ticking of the hands of clocks, clapping for the death of a second and the birth of another; in the blowing of the winds of air, one breath inhaled, another exhaled; in the hitting of the waves of seas, carrying both what is lively and what is lifeless; in the spinning of the Earth of our world, a day born from dawn and passed away from dusk; in the sweeping of the dust of time, earth to earth, ashes to ashes, and dust to dust. 
Ain't death all around us?!
And I have seen death in me. I have seen it in an illness that drives me to the peak of snapping and fainting out; I have seen it in the pain of a lost love, a lost dear, a lost self; I have seen it in the disappointment and desperation of getting hurt from those whose harm hurts the most for it comes from a very close distance; I have seen it in words that kill, in looks that injure, and in silence that suffocates; I have seen it in cursed knowledge, in troubling ignorance; and I have seen it as the great leveler, the inevitable.

I have seen death, and death has seen me, like it has seen everyone in this universe, and sooner or later, by the end of the road, no matter how long it is, we are going to meet. Your life is the mirror of your death, so let goodness and useful knowledge and love and faith be the reflection.

Thursday, September 24, 2015

The Life Metro

If one's typical life journey should see its onset from childhood to teenage (driven by the will of the parents, spent at school, mainly preparing for work), reaching the peak at young manhood/femininity (driven by the will of the self, mostly spent at work), then falling gradually at the middle age (driven by the will of the society, totally spent at work), and finally decaying at the old age (driven by the will of age, spent at home as a consequence of an entire lifetime of work!), so is one's existence based upon work? Do we work for ourselves or for others? And do we exist for ourselves or for others? Or for work?! It captivates you, it identifies you, it feeds you and feeds upon you, and then it dismisses you: from an aim to a responsibility to a duty to a burden to finally a memory.
"I am terribly sorry, but you left us no choice. The final decision has been made, and your services are no longer required." With these cold words Omar left the manager's office, bleeding from the wounds caused by the bullets of words the manager shot at him, shockingly struck by the blinding lightening of astonishment, stunningly startled by the deafening thunder of numbness, caused by words of disrespect, words of underestimation, words of dishonesty, words of disloyalty, words of gossip, words of injustice, words of sympathy, and even words of empathy. And there he is, still standing a couple of steps away from the manager's office, staring at the floor, so quietly, so peacefully, but only from the outside, as from the inside no quietness or peacefulness is involved, but battles of emotions, of thoughts, about the self and about others, about the past and about the present and about the future, about work, about life, and about his whole existence.
Too many emotions to handle, too many thoughts to perceive, too many words to endure, and not too many wafts to breathe: suffocated, strangled. The atmosphere is turning into airless vacuum, places are turning into dark boxes of solitude, and walls are jails of barbed wires, getting closer and closer, till they tear your flesh apart, till they get you totally crushed. And the people, they turn into hollow shadows, with no marked features, no faces, no details, just piles of dust surrounding you, staining you, infecting you till you turn like them. And you, you cry inside in pain, down in the cage of depression, your body responds with weakness, and your mind joins with indolence. Yet, you can feel it all: your lungs are not producing much oxygen, your chest is so contracted, and your heart....well, it is going bloodless! So Omar takes a last look over his office, where a considerable piece of him lies, and he tries to collect that piece with him, yet he cannot, for it is shattered along his other shattered pieces in this ominous place. And he leaves earlier than always, but more painful than ever. And he leaves once and for all.
The way home this day felt different, the metro felt so much crowded than ever, the heat of people's breaths, the smell of people's sweat, the multiple shoulder hits from the passersby, the darkness of that closed underground, all unbearable. And inside the tube he gets. The way home felt so much longer this day: "Everything seems different today. Worse. Much worse! 'And if you were tough and cold-hearted people would abandon you.' Well, physically this is not happening since I am stuck to the flesh of the men next to me in this canned tuna box! And if you were nice and kind people would stab you at the back! And nobody cares! And why should I care anyway that nobody cares?! Everybody uses you; everybody wants a piece of you, and what is dramatic is that you simply give it to them willingly!" The metro stops and the door opens, to unload and load, flesh beside flesh over flesh, and Omar is still inside.
He goes back with the time machine of his mind to the last week in his work, when it all started. It takes only one mistake, one little mistake, the slightest deviation from the road, a single wrong step and you will be exposed to the booby-traps of the enemies of success, and if you are not well prepared, you will fall an easy prey for others' envy and greed. You put your trust on a person you thought you knew well. You believed everything that person says, everything that person does. You believed in the best of him. You saw something in him and ran after it like a little child, till you got captivated. Like a puppet, you got manipulated, you got used, you got played with, and like a puppet, you faced one of two eventual fates: either you got broken and damaged, or you got thrown away. He cannot imagine how naïve he was, how ignorant, how straight and clear, such an idiot! But it is of no use now, isn't it? The anger and frustration and anxiety and disappointment are forming a poisonous aura around Omar, inhaled not only by him, but also by everyone around. Realizing that, he sets the time machine back to the present, at least temporarily. And with this shift in time, another stop comes, another unloading and loading takes place, and in the tuna box remains Omar's status.
You are the hero of your own drama, and you keep on fighting and fighting. And like every hero, there comes a fall. But like every hero, after the fall comes the rise-up. It is a funny feeling to feel so attached to something or someone while you already know that even life is lifeless, so eager for stability while you surely know that change is inevitable, and so depressed about your existence although that very same existence is part of a universal chain of existence that cannot stand without it. Life goes on, and so should you. Another stop comes, along with another unloading and loading, but this time Omar is not there, for it is time to keep going after a long stop, and it is time to really and finally go home.

Saturday, September 5, 2015

What Are You Seeking?

     Is this a disease? We went on separate ways long ago, and I have not talked to or seen you for some considerable time, but I am still thinking of you! I have met plenty of girls, I have had several potential life partners, and my response to all of them has been a decline. Maybe that is because I do not really see them, but I see you through them. I do not really seek one of them, but I seek you in one of them. I seek your beauty. I seek your personality. I seek your smile. I seek your intelligence and cleverness. I seek the way you talk, the way you dress, the way you used to look at me, the way I used to feel for you. I seek the bond we have had, some kind of heavenly bond without the least interference from you or me: it is just there. I seek our resonance: someone to understand me like what you did, someone to understand like what I did. I seek you, the cure to my disease.
     If I am in peace and recovered from the lovely hostility of your invasion to my lands, why am I still having a state of war inside? And I know that it is just me, as you have already got over this. Maybe even on the same day when our clouds went apart, when our rains stopped hailing, when our soils became solid dry. Maybe it was just me from the very beginning. And maybe it was not. Is this some kind of self-torturing? Am I that vulnerable, that fragile, that perplexed? Am I that human?? I recovered from your addiction, that is a fact, but I am still longing for the slightest countenance of you, the soonest encounter with you. I seek the peace of being there for you, being there with you. Or maybe I seek the peace of being totally away from you.